Emerging role of stem cells and tissue engineering in oculoplastic surgery

Advancements in stem-cell biology and tissue engineering (TE) are transforming the field of oculoplastic surgery by offering innovative solutions for eyelid, orbital, and periocular reconstruction. Stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), provide regenerative potential through their ability to differentiate into ocular adnexal tissues and modulate wound healing via paracrine effects. Tissue-engineered constructs, combining biocompatible scaffolds, cellular components, and growth factors, enable the development of functional replacements for eyelid skin, tarsus, conjunctiva, and lacrimal structures. These technologies enhance esthetic and functional outcomes, reduce donor-site morbidity, and may overcome limitations of traditional grafts and flaps. Current applications include periocular volume augmentation, eyelid reconstruction, and management of anophthalmic sockets, with ongoing research directed toward bioengineered lacrimal glands and dynamic eyelid substitutes. Although challenges remain, such as optimizing scaffold integration, vascularization, and long-term safety, stem-cell and TE approaches hold significant promise for personalized, restorative, and regenerative strategies in oculoplastic surgery.