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Injectable gelatin-PEG hydrogels obtained via cytochrome C-mediated polymerization.

Andrea Fumaneri1, Edoardo Sisti1,2, Alessandro Ajò1,2

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy. luigi.menduti@unimi.it.

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
|June 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new injectable hydrogels using cytochrome C (CyC) for faster polymerization. These biocompatible hydrogels offer tunable properties and sustained drug release for minimally invasive applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Injectable hydrogels are crucial for minimally invasive surgery and drug delivery.
  • Current methods often rely on transition metals, which can have limitations.
  • Developing novel crosslinking strategies is essential for advanced hydrogel applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel injectable hydrogels using cytochrome C (CyC) as a redox mediator.
  • To investigate the properties and performance of these CyC-mediated hydrogels.
  • To establish a transition metal-free crosslinking system for injectable hydrogels.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized hydrogels from gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and poly(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDA).
  • Utilized a Fenton-like radical polymerization mediated by Cytochrome C (CyC) with H2O2 and L-ascorbic acid.
  • Characterized hydrogel properties including gelation time, mechanical properties, injectability, cytotoxicity, and drug release.

Main Results:

  • Achieved rapid sol-gel transition within 1.0-2.0 minutes.
  • Demonstrated tunable mechanical properties and linear viscoelastic region (LVR) by adjusting precursor concentrations.
  • Confirmed biocompatibility with no detectable cytotoxicity and sustained release of a model drug (rhodamine 101) up to ~70% over 7 days.
  • Showed that enzymatic degradation is dependent on the degree of crosslinking.

Conclusions:

  • Cytochrome C (CyC) effectively mediates radical polymerization for injectable hydrogels, replacing traditional transition metals.
  • The developed hydrogels are biocompatible, injectable, and possess tunable properties suitable for biomedical applications.
  • This novel CyC-mediated system offers a promising alternative for creating advanced injectable hydrogels for drug delivery and regenerative medicine.