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Environmental Influences on Intelligence01:29

Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Despite the strong genetic influence on traits like intelligence, environmental factors significantly shape outcomes. For example, while over 90% of height variation is due to genetic differences, environmental factors such as nutrition also have a notable impact. Similarly, for intelligence, changes in a child's surroundings can significantly alter their IQ. Research shows that enriched environments boost children's academic success and help them develop key cognitive skills. Children from...

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Environmental Menu Labels and Food Selection Among US Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Alexandria E Reimold1, Julia A Wolfson2,3, Brittany Lemmon4

  • 1Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis.

JAMA Network Open
|June 23, 2026
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Summary

Climate labels on restaurant menus, especially grade-plus-scale designs, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and improve food choices. This study shows menu labeling effectively guides consumers toward lower-impact, healthier options.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Nutritional Science
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Food systems contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE).
  • High-GHGE foods often pose health risks.
  • Environmental impact labels on menus may influence consumer choices towards healthier, lower-emission options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of different climate labels on restaurant menu choices.
  • To assess the impact of labels on greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and nutritional quality of selected foods.

Main Methods:

  • An online randomized clinical trial involving 10,342 US adults.
  • Participants were exposed to one of six menu label conditions (control, environmental cost, climate grade, climate grade plus scale, high climate impact, warning high climate impact).
  • Menu orders were analyzed for GHGE and nutritional quality (Nutrient Profile Index).

Main Results:

  • Climate grade plus scale and high climate impact labels significantly reduced the selection of high-GHGE items compared to control.
  • The climate grade plus scale and high climate impact conditions resulted in lower average GHGE per order.
  • While overall nutritional scores didn't differ, the climate grade plus scale group selected foods lower in saturated fat.

Conclusions:

  • Climate labels, particularly the climate grade plus scale design, show promise in reducing the environmental impact of food choices.
  • These labels may also contribute to improved nutritional quality of restaurant orders.
  • Further research is recommended for environmental cost labels and real-world application in restaurant settings.