Ultrasonic activation of PVDF films enables piezopotential-induced hydroxyapatite mineralization

This study demonstrates that ultrasound-based piezopotential generation from a polymer membrane can induce mineralization of hydroxyapatite from simulated body fluid and generate a membrane with enhanced piezoelectric properties. The resultant membrane can harvest mechanical energy and generate a maximum open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of 1.9 V and 8 µA, respectively, and its application has been demonstrated for monitoring radial pulse and human body movements.