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A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

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A computational model of spatial politics: Hotelling-downs model as statistical physics.

Christopher Campbell¹, Graeme J Ackland¹

¹School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.

|June 23, 2026

Summary

Political parties may polarize due to voter abstention and activism, not just policy. Multiparty systems increase polarization, while two-party systems can reduce it, even with polarized voters.

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Area of Science:

Political Science
Game Theory
Economics

Background:

The Hotelling-Downs model predicts centrist policy convergence.
Observed political polarization contradicts this model.
Existing models do not fully explain polarization dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

Extend the Hotelling-Downs model to two dimensions.
Analyze the impact of multiparty systems on polarization.
Investigate the role of voter distribution, turnout, and activists.

Main Methods:

Game-theoretic modeling of political party competition.
Analysis of policy-seeking parties and voter distributions.
Simulation of two-party and multiparty systems.

Main Results:

Multiparty systems increase political polarization, even with moderate voters.
Two-party systems reduce polarization, even with polarized voters.
Turnout and activism at the extremes drive polarization in both systems.

Conclusions:

Polarization can be driven by factors beyond policy, such as voter behavior and internal party dynamics.
While polarization allows voters to find aligned parties, it reduces overall governmental representativeness.
Two-party systems offer more representative government than polarized multiparty systems.