Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is also...
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
Conduct Disorder01:28

Conduct Disorder

Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

Cognitive Development During Adolescence

During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the recognition that people have...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Computational characterization of metacognitive ability in subjective decision-making.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Multivariate prediction of temper outbursts in a sample of youth enriched for irritability using ecological momentary assessment data: A registered report.

PloS one·2025
Same author

THINGS-data, a multimodal collection of large-scale datasets for investigating object representations in human brain and behavior.

eLife·2023
Same author

Distributed Weight Consolidation: A Brain Segmentation Case Study.

Advances in neural information processing systems·2021
Same author

Revealing the multidimensional mental representations of natural objects underlying human similarity judgements.

Nature human behaviour·2020
Same author

Great Expectations: A Critical Review of and Suggestions for the Study of Reward Processing as a Cause and Predictor of Depression.

Biological psychiatry·2020

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Data-Driven Profiles of Youth Executive Function and Their Longitudinal Associations With Externalizing Problems.

Zoë E Laky1, Daniel S Pine2, Charles Y Zheng2

  • 1National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland; American University, Washington, District of Columbia.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
|June 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Youth with lower executive function (EF) show more attention problems and ADHD diagnoses, but not aggression. These specific cognitive deficits may guide personalized interventions for attention issues.

Keywords:
executive functionexternalizing psychopathologylongitudinalmachine Learningyouth

More Related Videos

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia
13:08

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Published on: December 2, 2015

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia
13:08

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Published on: December 2, 2015

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Executive function (EF) deficits are linked to externalizing disorders.
  • Specificity of EF associations with externalizing symptom dimensions and risk for persistent problems requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate longitudinal relationships between EF domains (inhibitory control, working memory) and externalizing dimensions (hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggression) using unsupervised learning.
  • To identify youth subgroups at risk for persistent problems based on EF and externalizing symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 5,501 youth in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (T0-T3).
  • Assessed EF using Stop Signal and Emotional N-Back tasks.
  • Measured externalizing problems via Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and parent-report Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia.

Main Results:

  • A 2-cluster solution (high EF vs. low EF) optimally fit the data at baseline (T0) and 2-year follow-up (T2).
  • Lower EF group membership was stable over time (Cohen's k=0.41).
  • Lower EF was significantly associated with increased attention problems (concurrently and longitudinally) and higher ADHD diagnoses, but not aggression or rule-breaking behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest specific cognitive performance deficits in youth with attention problems.
  • These deficits may inform the tailoring and development of personalized treatment and cognitive interventions for attention difficulties.