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Related Concept Videos

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and HCO3−  values are examined to...
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Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate01:29

Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate

Chloride ions contribute to the osmotic pressure gradient distinguishing the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF). They counterbalance positively charged ions in the ECF and ensure its electrochemical stability. The renal system's process of chloride absorption and release generally mirrors that of sodium ions.
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Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
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Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...

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Balanced Salt Solution Versus Ringer Lactate in Emergency Laparotomy: A Prospective Randomized Study of Acid-Base and

Ramik Chaudhary1, Nandita Chaudhary2, Sumit Sachan3

  • 1Department of Anaesthesiology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IND.

Cureus
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Balanced salt solution (BSS) offers better acid-base and electrolyte balance than Ringer lactate (RL) during emergency laparotomy. This fluid choice may improve patient outcomes after surgery.

Keywords:
balanced salt solutionemergency laparotomiesintraoperative fluidresuscitationringer lactate

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Published on: May 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Surgical Fluid Management

Background:

  • Emergency laparotomy causes significant physiological stress.
  • Optimal fluid therapy is vital for acid-base and electrolyte balance.
  • Intraoperative crystalloid choice impacts patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Compare balanced salt solution (BSS) and Ringer lactate (RL) efficacy.
  • Assess effects on acid-base status and electrolytes during emergency laparotomy.
  • Evaluate safety and perioperative outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective randomized study with 60 patients undergoing emergency laparotomy.
  • Patients received either BSS or RL intraoperatively.
  • Arterial blood gas and serum electrolytes were monitored perioperatively.

Main Results:

  • BSS maintained a more stable acid-base profile (higher pH, bicarbonate) than RL.
  • BSS showed higher serum sodium and calcium; RL showed higher potassium.
  • Lactate levels decreased with BSS and increased with RL.

Conclusions:

  • Balanced salt solution (BSS) is superior to Ringer lactate (RL) for maintaining acid-base and electrolyte balance in emergency laparotomy.
  • BSS may lead to improved perioperative metabolic outcomes.
  • Fluid selection is critical for managing metabolic homeostasis during major surgery.