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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties
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Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

Published on: January 8, 2016

Electrochemically Triggered Supramolecular Polymerization Under Kinetic Control.

Eun Gyu Lee1, Jeongse Yun1,2, Hyoung Wook Kang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a redox-responsive strategy for precise supramolecular polymerization. This method uses chemical and electrochemical stimuli to control the self-assembly of perylene diimide-histidine, creating adaptive materials with tunable functions.

Keywords:
kinetic controlpathway complexityperylene diimideredoxsupramolecular polymerization

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Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Precise control over stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymerization is crucial for creating adaptive materials.
  • Existing methods often lack the precision needed for programmable kinetics and functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel redox-responsive strategy for directing supramolecular polymerization.
  • To integrate chemical redox reactions and electrochemical potential for precise control over self-assembly.
  • To enable the development of adaptive materials with tunable lengths and functions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a perylene diimide-histidine (PDI-His) system.
  • Employed sodium dithionite (SDT) for chemical redox-induced self-assembly.
  • Applied electrochemical potential to induce self-assembly and morphological evolution.
  • Investigated seeded-living supramolecular polymerization for predictable length control.

Main Results:

  • A chemical redox process rapidly converted kinetically trapped aggregates (Agg-I) into thermodynamically favored helical nanofibers (Agg-II).
  • Electrochemical potential induced reorganization of PDI-His aggregates and enhanced conductivity via improved π-π stacking.
  • Redox-cycle-driven supramolecular reorganization was achieved both electrochemically and through seeded-living polymerization, yielding predictable nanofiber lengths.
  • Demonstrated tunable seed length preparation and controlled supramolecular polymerization pathways.

Conclusions:

  • The combined chemical- and electrochemical-redox approach offers an adaptable platform for controlling supramolecular polymerization.
  • This strategy advances the design of stimuli-responsive materials for diverse applications.
  • The findings pave the way for novel adaptive materials in electronics, sensing, catalysis, and bioinspired systems.