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Weakened and Delayed Tonal Processing in L2 Mandarin Syllable Perception: Evidence from Mismatch Negativity.

Mengchen Li1, Siqin Yang2,3, Minghu Jiang4

  • 1School of Foreign Languages, Renmin University of China, 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, PR China.

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigated Mandarin syllable processing in native (L1) and second language (L2) listeners using mismatch negativity (MMN). L2 listeners showed weaker and delayed neural responses, indicating reduced automaticity in processing tones, vowels, and consonants.

Keywords:
ConsonantMandarin L2 learnerMandarin syllable perceptionMismatch negativity (MMN)ToneVowel

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience
  • Second Language Acquisition

Background:

  • Mandarin syllable perception involves processing tones, vowels, and consonants.
  • Understanding neural processing differences between first language (L1) and second language (L2) listeners is crucial.
  • Mismatch negativity (MMN) measures pre-attentive auditory processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically compare the neural processing of tones, vowels, and consonants in Mandarin syllable perception for L1 and L2 listeners.
  • To investigate the pre-attentive stage of syllable perception using MMN.
  • To identify neural differences in processing sub-syllabic elements between L1 and L2 listeners.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a passive oddball paradigm to elicit mismatch negativity (MMN).
  • Assessed neural responses to deviant consonant, vowel, and tone syllables in Mandarin.
  • Compared MMN amplitudes and latencies between L1 and L2 Mandarin listeners.

Main Results:

  • Both L1 and L2 groups showed MMNs to deviant syllables.
  • L1 listeners exhibited larger MMNs for vowels and tones compared to consonants, with distinct latencies.
  • L2 listeners displayed graded MMNs, with vowels strongest/earliest, consonants intermediate, and tones weakest/latest, overall showing weaker and delayed responses compared to L1.

Conclusions:

  • Mandarin syllable processing shows differences in automaticity between L1 and L2 listeners.
  • L2 listeners exhibit reduced automaticity, particularly in processing tones relative to segmental features.
  • Findings illuminate the neural basis of the L2 tone-to-segmental disadvantage in Mandarin perception.