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Health Literacy

Health Literacy

Health literacy is an individual's or a community's capacity to comprehend, receive, read, and use relevant healthcare information and services. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) defines health literacy as the cognitive and social skills that determine the ability of individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health. As a result, the WHO helps individuals manage long-term health concerns, participate in preventative programs,...

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The Immersive Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping Platform for the Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

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Development of Virtual Reality Health Literacy: Delphi Expert Consensus Study.

Junghee Yoon^1,2, Mangyeong Lee^3,4, Dokyoon Kim^3,5

¹Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 115 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06355, Republic of Korea, 82 2-3410-1448, 82 2-3410-6639.

Journal of Medical Internet Research

|June 24, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study defines virtual reality (VR) health literacy for immersive VR in healthcare, outlining key domains and subdomains for effective patient engagement. The framework guides the development of accessible and equitable VR health interventions.

Keywords:

Delphi study VR domains health literacy virtual reality

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Area of Science:

Digital Health
Health Informatics
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Virtual Reality (VR) offers immersive experiences for healthcare applications like patient education and rehabilitation.
Effective patient engagement with head-mounted display (HMD)-based VR requires defined functional competencies and readiness determinants.
Current understanding of VR health literacy for clinical applications is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To conceptualize an initial framework for VR health literacy specific to HMD-based immersive VR in clinical settings.
To achieve expert consensus on the definition, domains, and subdomains of VR health literacy.
To establish a foundation for understanding and optimizing patient engagement with VR in healthcare.

Main Methods:

A 3-phase modified Delphi study involving a literature review and two rounds of online surveys with 15 multidisciplinary experts.
Scoping review methodology informed the literature search in MEDLINE and Embase (2017-2023).
Consensus was determined using Interquartile Ranges (IQRs) and agreement thresholds, with iterative refinement of domains and subdomains.

Main Results:

A consensus-based framework for VR health literacy was developed, comprising 5 domains and 14 subdomains.
Key domains include performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, attitudes toward VR, and behavioral intention.
The framework integrates operational competencies with engagement determinants for effective VR implementation.

Conclusions:

This study presents the first consensus-based framework for VR health literacy in clinical HMD-based immersive VR.
The framework provides theoretical clarity and practical guidance for designing and implementing effective VR health interventions.
It aims to enhance accessibility, equity, and effectiveness of VR in healthcare settings.