Biotin Dependency Shapes Sporulation Kinetics in Bacillus subtilis var. natto

Bacillus subtilis var. natto is distinguished from other B. subtilis strains by the inability to synthesize biotin. To investigate the evolutionary origin and functional consequences of this auxotrophy, we performed a comparative genomic analysis across 35 Bacillus genomes. Loss-of-function mutations in bioW and bioF were restricted to natto and closely related food-associated strains, whereas genes involved in biofilm formation and sporulation remained strongly conserved. To assess the functional effect of biotin availability, we constructed a biotin prototrophic natto strain by restoring the bio operon. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the auxotrophic strain initiated sporulation earlier, reaching a stable spore ratio of 40% by 24 hours, whereas the prototrophic strain showed delayed but more complete sporulation (>96% by 48 hours). These results suggest that intracellular biotin availability influences sporulation kinetics and that biotin auxotrophy in natto-associated lineages may be a niche adaptation that inadvertently shaped fermentation-associated phenotypes.