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Related Concept Videos

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Sound Intensity Level00:53

Sound Intensity Level

Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
The human ear can perceive an extensive range of sound intensity, necessitating the use of the logarithmic scale to define a physical quantity—the intensity level. It is a ratio of two intensities and hence a...
Sound Intensity00:58

Sound Intensity

The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the emitted...
Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves01:05

Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves

The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
Unlike the time average of a sinusoidal term, which is zero since it is positive and...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same frequency...

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A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons
07:13

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

Published on: November 9, 2018

Loudness changes as a function of the audiovisual scene.

Liesbeth Gijbels1,2, Kaylah Lalonde3, Yi Shen1

  • 1Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Scientific Reports
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
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Area of Science:

  • Auditory perception
  • Audiovisual integration
  • Speech processing

Background:

  • Everyday communication involves complex audiovisual (AV) environments.
  • Understanding speech perception in noise is crucial for real-world scenarios.
  • Loudness perception is a key factor in speech intelligibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how AV scene characteristics influence the perception of a target talker's loudness in multitalker babble.
  • To examine the effects of audiovisual temporal coherence and linguistic content on loudness perception.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-five normal-hearing adults rated the perceived loudness of a target female talker in four-talker babble.
  • Target-to-masker ratios (TMRs) varied from -21 to -3 dB.
  • Audiovisual temporal coherence was manipulated using stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) from 0 to 500 ms.
  • Linguistic categories included words, pseudowords, and reversed words.

Main Results:

  • Loudness ratings increased with TMR and were higher for meaningful words compared to pseudowords and reversed words at synchronous presentations.
  • Increasing AV asynchrony progressively reduced perceived loudness, with significant decreases beyond 150-300 ms SOA.
  • After accounting for individual loudness-growth slopes, a consistent 2-3 dB perceived TMR drop was observed at 500 ms SOA, irrespective of linguistic category.

Conclusions:

  • Both AV temporal synchrony and linguistic content significantly shape loudness perception in noise.
  • The contributions of temporal synchrony and linguistic content to loudness perception are dissociable.
  • Loudness perception is dynamically influenced by the AV scene, offering insights into scene analysis and communication effectiveness.