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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography
Published on: November 14, 2025
Comparative Assessment of Graglia-Wilton-Peterson and Rao-Wilton-Glisson Basis Functions for Radiofrequency Coil
Damiano Franzò1, Ilias I Giannakopoulos2, Adrien Merlini3
1Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy.
Abstract:
Accurate modeling of radiofrequency (RF) coils is essential for reliable electromagnetic (EM) field simulations in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study evaluates the numerical accuracy of higher-order surface basis functions for RF coil simulation within the surface-volume integral equation (SVIE) framework. Graglia-Wilton-Peterson (GWP) basis functions and quadratic curvilinear triangular discretization elements replace the conventional Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) basis functions and flat triangular elements used to approximate the coil currents. SVIE simulations show that the solver based on GWP achieves up to two orders of magnitude lower error in the electric field distribution within the coil load for coils without open edges, while no significant performance improvements were observed for coils with open edges. These results demonstrate that higher-order formulations are needed for accurate RF coil modeling in certain scenarios.
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