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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Thermal Stress01:09

Thermal Stress

If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55 °C.

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel
10:03

Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel

Published on: October 5, 2018

Multiphysics Investigation on Thermal Characteristics of Internal Bio-Inspired V-Ribbed Cooling Channels for Outer

Xin Xiong1, Xiangyu Li1, Shawn You2

  • 1School of Automotive Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224000, China.

Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces bio-inspired cooling channels with V-shaped ribs to manage heat in outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) for electric transit. The novel design significantly reduces peak temperatures, preventing component failure and enhancing motor performance.

Keywords:
bio-inspired coolingmultiphysics analysisouter rotor PMSMthermal management

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel
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Published on: November 3, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Electromechanical Engineering
  • Thermal Management
  • Bio-inspired Design

Background:

  • Outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are crucial for electrified transit, demanding high power density.
  • Their internal heat source topology hinders heat dissipation, risking demagnetization and insulation failure.
  • Effective thermal management is essential for reliable high-performance motor operation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate novel internal bio-inspired cooling channels with V-shaped ribs for enhanced thermal management in outer rotor PMSMs.
  • To investigate the impact of these cooling channels on heat dissipation and component temperatures.
  • To provide a numerical design reference for thermal management in high-performance electric aviation motors.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a transient 2D numerical model using the Time-Stepping Finite Element approach (TS-FEM).
  • Coupling TS-FEM with the Bertotti model to accurately compute electromagnetic losses, identifying stator iron loss as the primary heat source.
  • Creation of a 3D fluid-solid coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to assess the bio-inspired cooling channel performance.

Main Results:

  • Stator iron loss was identified as the dominant heat source (76.4% of total electromagnetic loss), concentrated at the stator teeth.
  • The bio-inspired cooling channels with V-shaped ribs effectively disrupted the thermal boundary layer, enhancing convective heat transfer.
  • The proposed design achieved a more uniform static pressure distribution and reduced fluid stagnation zones compared to conventional designs.

Conclusions:

  • The bio-inspired internal cooling channels significantly improve both hydraulic and thermal performance.
  • Maximum stator and permanent magnet temperatures were reduced to 48°C and 42°C, respectively.
  • This research offers a viable numerical design strategy for advanced thermal management in high-performance electric motors for aviation.