The Fragmented Nature of Biosensor Development: Challenges and Paths to Mitigation

Genetically encoded biosensors are now central tools, deployed either as intracellular reporters to advance basic research, or as whole-cell reagents that detect analytes in diverse sample-types. Across the diversity of molecular scaffolds and modes of operation, biosensors serve a common functional purpose: translating ligand presence into a readable signal. Despite this shared logic, biosensor development as a field of practice remains fragmented: different scaffolds and modalities are advanced in separate, often lab-specific pipelines with diverse assays, metrics, and design practices. Moreover, libraries, selection histories and performance data generated during routine campaigns rarely outlive the projects that produced them. In this perspective, we focus on this fragmentation as a field-level bottleneck and argue that it deserves explicit attention in its own right. We discuss how modest, incremental steps-such as structured development records, adherence to high-information screening formats, library annotation, and community-level deposition infrastructure-could make biosensor development more reproducible, more comparable, and easier to build on across projects and laboratories. We further argue that such infrastructure will become increasingly valuable as computational protein design matures-not as a competing approach, but as the source of diverse, comparable, and context-annotated experimental data that sequence-function models and design benchmarks ultimately depend on.