Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Understanding Deception

Understanding Deception

Deception is a pervasive aspect of human communication. Empirical studies have shown that most individuals engage in some form of deceit on a daily basis, with approximately 20% of social exchanges involving deceptive elements. Lying follows a developmental trajectory, peaking during adolescence and declining with age, possibly due to the maturation of cognitive control and social accountability.Cognitive and Social Factors in Deception DetectionDespite its prevalence, accurately detecting...

Predicting Molecular Geometry

Predicting Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries

Detection of Black Holes

Detection of Black Holes

Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
Their closest cousins are neutron stars, which are composed almost entirely of neutrons packed against each other, making them extremely dense. A neutron star has the same mass as the Sun but its diameter is only a few kilometers. Therefore, the escape velocity from their surface is close to the speed of light.
Not until the 1960s, when the first neutron...

VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes

VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes

Overview of VSEPR Theory

Gauss's Law: Planar Symmetry

Gauss's Law: Planar Symmetry

A planar symmetry of charge density is obtained when charges are uniformly spread over a large flat surface. In planar symmetry, all points in a plane parallel to the plane of charge are identical with respect to the charges. Suppose the plane of the charge distribution is the xy-plane, and the electric field at a space point P with coordinates (x, y, z) is to be determined. Since the charge density is the same at all (x, y) - coordinates in the z = 0 plane, by symmetry, the electric field at P...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Challenges for cognitive research in spaceflight and analog environments.

iScience·2026

Same author

Body Schema plasticity of the arm: a systematic review of the methods and tasks.

Frontiers in psychology·2025

Same author

Secure attachment to caregiver prevents adult depressive symptoms in a sex-dependent manner: A translational study.

iScience·2025

Same author

Space Analogs and Behavioral Health Performance Research review and recommendations checklist from ESA Topical Team.

NPJ microgravity·2024

Same author

Persisting inhibition biases efficient rule inference under uncertainty.

Frontiers in psychology·2024

Same author

Decision-Making and Risk-Propensity Changes during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown.

Brain sciences·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Generating Strictly Controlled Stimuli for Figure Recognition Experiments

Generating Strictly Controlled Stimuli for Figure Recognition Experiments

Published on: March 18, 2019

The Geometry of Suspicion: Visual Exploration Patterns in Email Phishing Detection.

Francesco Di Nocera¹, Lorenzo Arciulo¹, Giorgia Tempestini¹

¹Department of Planning, Design, and Technology of Architecture, Sapienza University of Rome, 00196 Rome, Italy.

Journal of Eye Movement Research

|June 25, 2026

Summary

Detecting phishing emails involves broader visual scanning for suspicious messages. Correctly identified phishing attempts show more dispersed eye-fixation patterns than errors, regardless of cybersecurity awareness.

Keywords:

attention cybersecurity eye tracking nearest neighbor index phishing visual exploration

More Related Videos

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns

Published on: August 30, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Generating Strictly Controlled Stimuli for Figure Recognition Experiments

Generating Strictly Controlled Stimuli for Figure Recognition Experiments

Published on: March 18, 2019

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns

Published on: August 30, 2013

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Cybersecurity
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Phishing email detection relies on user vigilance and visual scanning.
Traditional eye-tracking measures (AOI-based) may not capture global visual exploration patterns.
The Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI) offers a novel approach to analyze fixation distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate visual exploration strategies during phishing email detection.
To integrate AOI-based eye-tracking with the NNI for a comprehensive analysis of gaze patterns.
To determine how fixation distribution relates to detection accuracy and decision time.

Main Methods:

Participants (n=30) performed an email classification task (authentic vs. phishing).
Eye-tracking data were collected, analyzing Area of Interest (AOI) metrics and the Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI).
Signal Detection Theory (SDT) outcomes and decision times were correlated with eye-tracking measures, controlling for cybersecurity awareness (CAIN).

Main Results:

Suspicious emails elicited broader visual exploration patterns (higher NNI) compared to non-suspicious emails.
Correct detections (hits) were associated with more dispersed and regular fixation patterns (higher NNI).
Incorrect detections (false alarms) were linked to more clustered scanning patterns (lower NNI); decision time was faster for correct responses.

Conclusions:

The NNI effectively captures global visual exploration differences in phishing detection.
Phishing detection accuracy is associated with distinct fixation spatial organizations, independent of cybersecurity knowledge.
Visual exploration patterns, analyzed via NNI, offer insights into cognitive processes during cybersecurity tasks.