Related Concept Videos
01:21Cognitive Learning
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
01:20Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
01:30Information Processing Approach
The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is also...
01:17Cognitivism
Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process information is...
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process information is...
01:30Biological Influences on Intelligence
Intelligence is often thought to be linked to brain size, but the relationship is more complex than that. While brain size does correlate modestly with some abilities, like verbal skills, the connection is weaker for others, such as spatial reasoning. Other factors, like brain structure, also play crucial roles. For instance, despite Einstein's smaller-than-average brain, his parietal cortex, which is involved in spatial reasoning, was 15% wider, suggesting that neural density might matter more...
01:27Language and Cognition
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 26, 2026
08:05
Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
Published on: June 30, 2020
From Predictors to Mechanisms: Interpretable Artificial Intelligence Evidence on Mathematics Achievement and
Danyang Meng1,2, Alan T K Wan2
1Department of Mathematics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
Journal of Intelligence
|June 25, 2026
Summary
Academic achievement pathways differ globally. East Asian systems show a chain-like structure, while Western systems use parallel configurations, both revealing distinct learning intelligence mechanisms.
Area of Science:
- Educational Psychology
- Cognitive Science
- Artificial Intelligence in Education
Background:
- Academic achievement is influenced by socioeconomic status, attitudes, and behaviors.
- Limited understanding exists on how these factors interact within learning intelligence mechanisms across educational systems.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine mathematics achievement using a mechanism-oriented perspective.
- To investigate how contextual, psychological, and learning-process factors interact in high-performing educational systems.
- To differentiate organizational mechanisms of learning intelligence in East Asian versus Western contexts.
Main Methods:
- Utilized data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018.
- Employed interpretable artificial intelligence (AI) methods integrated with structural modeling.
- Focused analysis on high-achieving regions in East Asia and Western countries.
Main Results:
- High achievement is driven by distinct organizational mechanisms, not single predictors.
- East Asian systems exhibit a chain-like convergent structure translating background factors sequentially.
- Western systems show a parallel configuration with independent contributions from cognitive and behavioral factors.
Conclusions:
- Self-regulation acts as an organizing mechanism of learning intelligence, structuring resource translation.
- Educational systems achieve high performance through multiple, structurally distinct pathways.
- Findings offer insights for educational research, cognitive theory, and policy design.