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Related Concept Videos

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Computer Vision-Based Biomass Estimation for Invasive Plants
08:47

Computer Vision-Based Biomass Estimation for Invasive Plants

Published on: February 9, 2024

PHSNet: A Small-Target Infrared Hotspot Detection Network for Photovoltaic Modules in UAV Remote-Sensing Images.

Bingpeng Gao1, Yunbo Yang1, Xingzhi Chen1

  • 1School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China.

Journal of Imaging
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new lightweight network, PHSNet, effectively detects tiny hotspots in photovoltaic (PV) infrared images from drones. This enhances PV station safety and efficiency by improving detection accuracy for small, low-contrast defects.

Keywords:
UAV remote-sensing imagesYOLO11nphotovoltaic (PV) hotspot detectionsmall target detection

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Computer Vision-Based Biomass Estimation for Invasive Plants
08:47

Computer Vision-Based Biomass Estimation for Invasive Plants

Published on: February 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Computer Vision
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Renewable Energy Systems

Background:

  • Photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity is rapidly growing globally.
  • Hot spot defects pose significant risks to PV station efficiency and safety.
  • Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) infrared imaging is crucial for monitoring large-scale PV stations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient and accurate method for detecting tiny hot spot defects in UAV infrared images.
  • To address challenges of low pixel size, weak contrast, and complex backgrounds in defect detection.
  • To propose a lightweight network optimized for real-time monitoring and edge deployment.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed PHSNet, a lightweight detection network based on YOLO11n.
  • Incorporated dynamic convolution (Dy-C3k2) for small target feature enhancement.
  • Implemented context-guided downsampling (CG-Down) to minimize feature loss.
  • Optimized detection layers and utilized a lightweight shared deconvolutional detection head (LSDECD) for small targets.

Main Results:

  • PHSNet achieved 0.73 AP50 and 0.315 AP on a dedicated dataset.
  • Outperformed YOLO11n by 0.1 in AP50 and 0.058 in AP.
  • Achieved 1.8 M parameters and 98.8 FPS, outperforming YOLOv8n and RT-DETR-R18.
  • Demonstrated a superior accuracy-efficiency balance for tiny target detection.

Conclusions:

  • PHSNet offers an efficient and accurate solution for detecting tiny hot spots in UAV infrared images.
  • The network is suitable for real-time intelligent monitoring and edge deployment in PV stations.
  • PHSNet enhances the safety and operational efficiency of large-scale photovoltaic systems.