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Filtration

Filtration

Filtration is a physical separation process that involves passing a suspension through a porous medium to separate solids from fluids. During filtration, solids collect on the porous medium while liquids, also collectively known as the filtrate, pass through. The filtration medium is selected based on the filtration purpose, quantity, and nature of the precipitate. The general criteria for a suitable filtering medium are that it is inert, mechanically strong, nonabsorbent toward dissolved...

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Filtration and Urine Formation

The function of the kidneys is to filter, reabsorb, secrete, and excrete. Every day the kidneys filter nearly 180 liters of blood, initially removing water and solutes but ultimately returning nearly all filtrates into circulation with the help of osmoregulatory hormones. This process removes wastes and toxins but is also crucial to maintain water and electrolyte levels. Most of these functions are performed by the tiny but numerous nephrons contained within the kidneys.

Dialysis

Dialysis

Dialysis is a diffusion-based purification process that separates analyte molecules from a complex matrix. This is accomplished by allowing molecules in the solution to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a liquid on the other side. The membrane is usually made of cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, and the second liquid must be miscible with the solution. Ions (e.g., chloride or sodium) or organic molecules (e.g., glucose) can pass through the membrane pores, which generally have...

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Hemoperfusion and hemofiltration are critical techniques in medical treatments to eliminate accumulated drugs, metabolites, and electrolytes from the bloodstream. These methods are particularly vital in cases of accidental poisoning and drug overdose.Hemoperfusion involves passing blood through an adsorbent material to remove unwanted substances. The main adsorbents used in hemoperfusion include activated charcoal and Amberlite resins. Activated charcoal can adsorb both polar and nonpolar...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Three-Dimensionally Printed Microfluidic Cross-flow System for Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration Membrane Performance Testing

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Published on: February 13, 2016

Full-Scale Microfiltration for Drinking Water: A Long-Term Performance Analysis.

Małgorzata Kabsch-Korbutowicz¹, Małgorzata Wolska¹, Anna Solipiwko-Pieścik¹

¹Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.

|June 25, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

After 11 years of operation, microfiltration membranes showed reduced permeability but maintained high separation efficiency for drinking water. This study justifies membrane replacement after a decade due to performance decline.

Keywords:

membrane aging microfiltration permeability decrease polymeric membrane

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Materials Science
Water Treatment Engineering

Background:

Polymeric microfiltration membranes are crucial for drinking water treatment.
Long-term operation can degrade membrane performance due to fouling and aging.
Assessing membrane lifespan is vital for water treatment system sustainability.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the impact of 11 years of operation on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microfiltration membranes.
To determine the hydraulic and separation properties after extended use.
To establish an operational baseline for full-scale surface water treatment.

Main Methods:

Analysis of PVDF capillary membranes (0.1 μm) from an 11-year-old full-scale drinking water treatment plant.
Assessment of hydraulic permeability and separation efficiency.
Monitoring of membrane resistance and transmembrane pressure.

Main Results:

Membranes retained excellent separation efficiency, removing turbidity and microorganisms effectively.
Hydraulic resistance increased nearly threefold, and permeability decreased by approximately 86%.
Sustained operation required increased transmembrane pressure.

Conclusions:

Despite reduced permeability, PVDF membranes maintained high separation performance for over a decade.
The observed permeability loss exceeded the typical replacement threshold, indicating technical and economic justification for replacement.
This study provides valuable data on the long-term performance of microfiltration membranes in real-world conditions.