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Practice Effects and the Lanthony D15.

Joslynn Ho1, Jason S Ng1

  • 1Southern California College of Optometry, Marshall B. Ketchum University, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 25, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with congenital colour vision deficiency (CVD) can improve their Lanthony D15 (LD15) test scores with practice. This improvement was noted even though the LD15 is a challenging test for those with CVD.

Keywords:
colour perceptioncolour visioncolour vision deficiencies

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Optometry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Congenital colour vision deficiency (CVD) affects an individual's ability to perceive colours accurately.
  • The Farnsworth D15 (FD15) test, using saturated colours, has shown that practice can improve performance in individuals with CVD.
  • The Lanthony D15 (LD15) test utilizes desaturated colours, presenting a greater challenge, even for those with mild CVD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether intentional practice can enhance the performance of individuals with congenital CVD on the Lanthony D15 (LD15) test.
  • To determine if subjects with congenital colour vision deficiency can improve their scores on a more challenging colour vision test through deliberate practice.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-one male subjects with congenital CVD underwent a two-visit study.
  • Colour vision status was confirmed using standard tests (colour vision book, anomaloscope, FD15).
  • Subjects completed four LD15 trials at baseline and four after a practice period, with performance measured by colour confusion indices (CCI).

    • Main Results:

    • A statistically significant reduction in CCI was observed between the baseline and practice visits (p=0.01).
    • Subjects with deutan deficiency demonstrated significant improvement (p=0.003), while protan deficiency subjects showed no significant change (p=0.88).

    Conclusions:

    • Congenital red-green CVD subjects can improve their performance on the Lanthony D15 test through practice.
    • The clinical significance of this improvement on pass-fail rates, especially with high baseline CCIs, requires further investigation.