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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

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Evaluation of Phantom Doping Materials in Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping.

Padriac Hooper1,2, Jin Jin1,2,3,4, Kieran O'Brien1,2,3,4

  • 1ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Brisbane, Australia.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
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Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) repeatability was assessed using ferritin, USPIO, CaCl2, and CaCO3 phantoms. Ferritin is recommended as a reliable paramagnetic dopant for QSM applications.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) is crucial for estimating magnetic susceptibility (χ).
  • Repeatability of QSM measurements is essential for reliable clinical applications.
  • Developing standardized phantoms with relevant doping materials is key for QSM validation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure magnetic susceptibility (χ) using Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM).
  • To evaluate the repeatability of QSM measurements with four phantom doping materials.
  • To assess the suitability of these materials for QSM applications.

Main Methods:

  • A phantom with agarose gel doped with ferritin, USPIO, CaCl2, and CaCO3 was created.
  • Single orientation QSM measurements were performed at 3 and 7 Tesla.

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  • Molar susceptibility (χmol) was measured, and precision was assessed using standard deviation (SDROI).

    • Main Results:

    • Molar susceptibilities (χmol) were quantified for all dopants at both field strengths.
    • Ferritin and CaCO3 showed no significant changes in molar susceptibility over time (24 and 15 months, respectively).
    • Specific χmol values were reported for USPIO, Ferritin, CaCl2, and CaCO3 at 3T and 7T.

    Conclusions:

    • Ferritin is recommended as a suitable paramagnetic dopant for QSM.
    • Further research is needed to find diamagnetic dopants with improved properties.
    • Optimizing dopant selection enhances the accuracy and reliability of QSM.