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Silicon Flavylium Polymethine Dyes for Shortwave Infrared Imaging.

Quintashia D Wilson1, Emily B Mobley1, Eric Y Lin1

  • 1Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 25, 2026
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Summary

Researchers developed novel silicon-containing flavylium (SiliFlav) dyes for advanced shortwave infrared (SWIR) imaging. These bright, deep-penetrating fluorophores enable high-resolution in vivo visualization in mice.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Shortwave infrared (SWIR) imaging (1000-2000 nm) offers advantages for in vivo studies, such as reduced scattering and deep-tissue penetration.
  • Developing bright small-molecule fluorophores emitting above 1100 nm for SWIR imaging remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new class of silicon-containing flavylium (SiliFlav) polymethine dyes.
  • To address the limitations of current fluorophores for deep-tissue SWIR imaging.
  • To demonstrate the utility of SiliFlav dyes for in vivo fluorescence imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of silicon-containing flavylium (SiliFlav) polymethine dyes.
  • Characterization of photophysical properties, including emission spectra and quantum yields.
  • Formulation of the lead fluorophore (SiliFlav5) into canola oil nanoemulsions.
  • In vivo fluorescence imaging in mice to visualize vasculature and spleen.

Main Results:

  • Achieved unprecedented bathochromic shifts in emission up to 200 nm by incorporating a silicon heteroatom.
  • Maintained respectable fluorescence quantum yields (up to 0.30%).
  • Demonstrated bright SWIR emission above 1300 nm with SiliFlav5 nanoemulsions.
  • Obtained high-resolution in vivo imaging of mouse vasculature and spleen.

Conclusions:

  • SiliFlav polymethine dyes represent a new class of fluorophores for SWIR imaging.
  • These dyes overcome key limitations, offering bright emission and deep-tissue penetration.
  • SiliFlav dyes provide a promising platform for advanced in vivo deep-tissue SWIR imaging applications.