Mediterranean Dietary Pattern in Type 2 Diabetes Management: Pathways and Clinical Evidence

The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has emerged as a promising dietary strategy for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This narrative review provides a comprehensive synthesis linking the biological pathways of the MedDiet with established clinical evidence. Adherence to this traditional dietary pattern-characterized by a high intake of fiber, complex carbohydrates, antioxidants, and healthy fats-has demonstrated significant benefits in terms of glycemic control, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and overall metabolic health. Mechanistically, the review explains how the MedDiet improves health by modulating key physiological processes, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways, the regulation of branched-chain amino acid metabolism, the enhancement of short-chain fatty acid production via gut microbiota modulation, and upregulated incretin effects. Importantly, this review explains how the MedDiet complements modern medications, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors. By integrating molecular mechanisms with human clinical outcomes, this narrative review addresses multiple aspects of the MedDiet in both the prevention and management of T2DM including glycemic control, weight management, and cardiovascular risk reduction, rendering it a valuable dietary strategy for both the prevention and treatment of this chronic condition.