Upcycling Black Garlic Peels into Multifunctional Cosmeceutical Extracts: Antioxidants and UV-Shielding via...

Black garlic peels (BGPs) are a largely underutilized by-product despite representing an untapped source of bioactive compounds. This study presents a sustainable upcycling protocol for black garlic peels, evaluating natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) to develop multifunctional extracts for green cosmetics. Following the screening of four eutectic mixtures, the choline chloride-lactic acid (ChCl:LA) system demonstrated the highest extraction efficiency. The optimized extract yielded a remarkable total phenolic content (5216.61 µg GAE/mL) and strong antioxidant capacity, confirmed by DPPH and FRAP assays, associated with recovering both free and bound phenolic fractions. Subsequent HPLC profiling characterized the extract, and the comparative analysis explicitly demonstrated that antimicrobial activity is entirely driven by and identical to the pure eutectic solvent vehicle rather than the extracted garlic biomass, with broad-spectrum efficacy against C. albicans, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. To evaluate its cosmeceutical potential, the extract was incorporated into emulsions (5%, 10%, 15% w/w) with inorganic or organic UV filters. Although the direct Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and the UVA Protection Factor (UVA-PF) did not show enhancing results, a photochemiluminescence (PCL) analysis revealed a synergistic behaviour with organic filters, successfully boosting the formulation's biological antioxidant shield. This pioneering work highlights BGP's upcycling potential, proposing NaDES extracts as highly promising multifunctional, antioxidant, and antimicrobial ingredients for next-generation cosmeceuticals.