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Related Concept Videos

Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
Assessment of Respiration01:23

Assessment of Respiration

The respiratory system's basic structures and primary functions lay the foundation for nurses' comprehensive respiratory assessments. This assessment includes subjective and objective data to gauge the patient's respiratory health.
Subjective Assessment: Nurses interview the patient to gather information directly during the subjective assessment. It includes questions about the individual's medical history, medications, and symptoms, focusing on past respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD,...
Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm01:29

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:
Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate01:20

Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate

Assessment of Ventilation
A Ventilation assessment is critical for monitoring a patient's health status. Respiration, one of the most accessible vital signs, provides insights into the function of numerous body systems and can indicate serious health issues, such as brainstem injuries from head trauma.
Critical Guidelines for Assessing Ventilation:
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Neural Control of Respiration01:18

Neural Control of Respiration

The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem
Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Evaluation of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Wrist Wearables to Estimate Stress on Students
12:51

Evaluation of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Wrist Wearables to Estimate Stress on Students

Published on: June 16, 2018

BreathSense: A Two-Stage Digital Framework for Student Stress Monitoring Using Personalized Breath-VOC Thresholding

Anran Feng1,2, Xingyu Zhao3, Shengyu Gao3

  • 1Patti & Rusty Rueff School of Design, Art, and Performance, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.

Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can detect student stress in daily life. Personalized breath signals accurately capture meaningful emotional events during academic activities.

Keywords:
exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs)in-the-wild feasibilitymental healthpersonalized thresholdstress monitoring

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A Community-based Stress Management Program: Using Wearable Devices to Assess Whole Body Physiological Responses in Non-laboratory Settings
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A Community-based Stress Management Program: Using Wearable Devices to Assess Whole Body Physiological Responses in Non-laboratory Settings

Published on: January 22, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Evaluation of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Wrist Wearables to Estimate Stress on Students
12:51

Evaluation of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Wrist Wearables to Estimate Stress on Students

Published on: June 16, 2018

A Community-based Stress Management Program: Using Wearable Devices to Assess Whole Body Physiological Responses in Non-laboratory Settings
10:45

A Community-based Stress Management Program: Using Wearable Devices to Assess Whole Body Physiological Responses in Non-laboratory Settings

Published on: January 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Physiological monitoring
  • Digital mental health
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) analysis

Background:

  • Student mental health and academic stress are critical issues.
  • Digital monitoring offers potential for stress management, but personalized physiological thresholds using exhaled VOCs are underexplored.
  • In-the-wild feasibility and trigger-experience correspondence of VOC-based stress detection in students require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for personalized, real-world stress monitoring in university students.
  • To establish individualized breath-trigger thresholds (θᵢ) based on physiological responses to stress.
  • To assess the correspondence between detected stress events and subjective emotional experiences in daily life.

Main Methods:

  • A two-stage study involving laboratory calibration and field deployment.
  • Laboratory phase (N=24): Derived individualized breath-trigger thresholds (θᵢ) using stress tasks (social-conflict video, Stroop task).
  • Field deployment (N=21): Used Study 1 thresholds for three-day monitoring, collecting ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data on emotional states.

Main Results:

  • A significant percentage (78.6%) of detected trigger events corresponded to subjectively salient emotional experiences.
  • Most salient events (93.9%) were of medium-to-high intensity.
  • Stress events frequently occurred during study/work, in home settings, and when participants were alone, indicating relevance to academic life.

Conclusions:

  • Exhaled VOCs show potential for personalized, in-the-wild stress monitoring in university students.
  • The developed protocol combining lab calibration and field validation is feasible and transferable.
  • Findings support the development of breath-based digital tools for monitoring and intervening in student mental health during academic contexts.