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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Online Gamers
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Published on: November 9, 2019

Shifting from Proactive to Reactive Control: Cognitive Control in Action Video Game Players with Gaming Disorder.

Yuhong Zhou1, Jiayu Li2, Danni Zhan3

  • 1Psychological Research and Counselling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.

Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Gaming disorder (GD) involves impaired proactive control and over-reliance on reactive control, unlike recreational game users and non-gamers. This cognitive shift offers targets for gaming disorder interventions.

Keywords:
action video gamescognitive controldual mechanismsgaming disordertask switching

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Published on: December 16, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Action video games (AVGs) can improve cognitive control, but the mechanisms behind gaming disorder (GD) are not well understood.
  • The Dual Mechanisms of Control framework distinguishes between proactive and reactive control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differences in proactive and reactive control between individuals with gaming disorder (GD), recreational game users (RGU), and non-gamers (NG).
  • To explore the cognitive mechanisms underlying gaming disorder using a task-switching paradigm.

Main Methods:

  • Two task-switching experiments were conducted to differentiate proactive and reactive control.
  • Participants included individuals with GD, RGUs, and NGs, assessed using the Dual Mechanisms of Control framework.

Main Results:

  • Experiment 1 indicated that GD players struggled with sustained proactive preparation and relied more on reactive control compared to controls.
  • Experiment 2 showed that GD players had negligible switch costs after prolonged delays, unlike RGUs and NGs, supporting a reactive control over-reliance.
  • GD players demonstrated fragile proactive control and compensatory reliance on reactive control.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive impairments in GD reflect a shift in control processing mode, not a generalized deficit.
  • Findings highlight mechanism-specific targets for clinical interventions for gaming disorder.