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Related Concept Videos

Coronavirus01:29

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...
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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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The Skin Microbiota

The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Procedures for the Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitors as Potential Antivirals using MLV-Based Pseudoviruses
11:43

Procedures for the Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitors as Potential Antivirals using MLV-Based Pseudoviruses

Published on: February 27, 2026

Skin as a Potential Entry Point for SARS-CoV-2 Virus.

Dimitri Trubetskoy1, Patrick Grudzien1, Daria Chudakova1,2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Inflammation can make human skin more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 entry by increasing ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression. This suggests the skin may play a role in viral host interactions, even in patients with inflammatory skin conditions.

Keywords:
ACE2COVID-19SARS-CoV-2TMPRSS2inflammationskinskin models

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects the respiratory tract, but skin lesions are common in COVID-19 patients.
  • Pre-existing inflammatory skin conditions like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) increase COVID-19 risk.
  • The role of skin in SARS-CoV-2 infection requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if skin inflammation enhances SARS-CoV-2 entry.
  • To evaluate the expression of viral entry receptors (ACE2, TMPRSS2) in inflamed skin models.
  • To assess the impact of inflammatory cytokines on viral transduction in skin.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D human skin organoids (HSO) and neonatal skin explants.
  • Treated HSO with individual and combined cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ) and Th1/Th2 cocktails.
  • Applied Spike-pseudotyped lentiviral reporter to assess viral entry into control and treated skin models.
  • Performed transcriptomic analysis to compare gene expression in inflamed skin and COVID-19 lung tissue.

Main Results:

  • Cytokine treatment, particularly combinations and Th1 cocktail, upregulated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA/protein levels in HSO.
  • Spike-pseudotyped lentiviral reporter successfully transduced cytokine-treated HSO and skin explants.
  • Inflamed skin models showed significantly increased viral entry compared to controls.
  • Gene expression signatures in inflamed skin partially overlapped with those in COVID-19 lung tissue.

Conclusions:

  • Skin inflammation can transiently increase human skin's permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 entry.
  • ACE2 and TMPRSS2 upregulation in inflamed skin facilitates viral entry.
  • The skin may represent an underappreciated interface for SARS-CoV-2 host interactions.