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Ecotoxicological Effects of Microplastics on Bird Embryo Development by Hatching without Eggshell
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Microplastics as Vectors Influencing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Endocrine Function During Early Development.

Natalia Kurhaluk1, Renata Kołodziejska2, Anna Rymuszka3

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International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPLs) carry contaminants into biological systems, disrupting early development. These particle-contaminant complexes cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption, impacting long-term health.

Keywords:
developmental toxicologyearly-life exposuregut barrier developmentmicroplasticsnanoplasticssorption mechanisms

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Toxicology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPLs) are emerging environmental contaminants.
  • MNPLs act as vectors for metals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals.
  • Early developmental stages are uniquely vulnerable to MNPL exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of MNPL-contaminant complexes on early development.
  • To examine effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine function.
  • To highlight the role of MNPLs in developmental toxicology.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of literature from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
  • Focused on physicochemical properties, sorption, gut barrier, and developmental toxicology.
  • Synthesized evidence from polymer chemistry, contaminant behavior, and developmental physiology.

Main Results:

  • MNPLs facilitate uptake and distribution in developing organisms.
  • Particle-contaminant complexes induce oxidative stress and DNA damage.
  • MNPLs trigger inflammatory responses and disrupt epithelial homeostasis.
  • Endocrine function is impaired by transported chemicals and MNPL-induced mechanisms.
  • These effects are amplified by sorbed pollutants.

Conclusions:

  • MNPLs act as biologically active vectors during early development.
  • Particle-contaminant interactions exacerbate oxidative, inflammatory, and endocrine disturbances.
  • Early-life risk assessments must consider MNPL-contaminant complexes.