A Healthy Lifestyle Can Slow Immune System Aging and Reduce Age-Related Chronic Inflammation: A Narrative Review

Age-related decline in immune system function is characterized by reduced numbers of naïve lymphocytes, the accumulation of senescent cells, impaired function of all immune cell types, and chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging). These alterations contribute to increased susceptibility to infections and malignancies, as well as to autoimmunity and other age-associated diseases. This article reviews current evidence on lifestyle interventions that may mitigate immune aging. Lifestyle-related strategies, including regular physical activity, nutritional interventions (e.g., different diets, caloric restriction, and other fasting-related approaches), stress reduction, and vaccination, are discussed as key modulators of immune function and systemic inflammation. Notably, vitamin D supplementation has been shown to reduce the incidence of autoimmune diseases by 22%. In comparison, caloric restriction has led to a decrease in CRP and TNF-α by 40% and 50%, respectively. Emerging complementary approaches, such as mind-body practices and controlled cold exposure, show promise, though current evidence remains limited and inconsistent. Therefore, integrated lifestyle strategies may slow aging-related immune decline and support healthy aging. However, longitudinal trials are required to define the optimal intervention parameters, population-specific thresholds, and the long-term durability of immune rejuvenation.