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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA01:25

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...
Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...

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Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Pediatric Infections: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Directions.

Clare Dinh1, Keykavous Parang1

  • 1Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in children is a critical global health issue, causing over a million deaths annually. Key strategies to combat pediatric AMR include enhanced stewardship, diagnostics, surveillance, trials, and vaccines, especially in low-resource settings.

Keywords:
ESBLMRSAantibiotic resistanceantimicrobial stewardshipcarbapenem resistancemultidrug-resistant organismspediatric infectionspneumococcal conjugate vaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pediatrics
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pediatric infections is a growing global crisis, leading to over a million deaths annually and disproportionately affecting young children.
  • Neonates and critically ill children are at higher risk due to immature immunity, frequent healthcare exposure, and limited treatment options.
  • This review addresses the epidemiology, resistance mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and management of AMR across all pediatric age groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current evidence on pediatric antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
  • To review the epidemiology, mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and management strategies for AMR in children.
  • To identify priority actions for combating pediatric AMR globally.

Main Methods:

  • Searched PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar for literature from 2014-2026 on antibiotic resistance in pediatric populations.
  • Screened approximately 1840 records, with 69 sources meeting inclusion criteria.
  • Employed a narrative synthesis approach due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales, carbapenem-resistant pathogens, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus significantly contribute to pediatric morbidity and mortality.
  • One in five pediatric Gram-negative bloodstream isolates exhibit resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, associated with a three-fold increase in adjusted mortality.
  • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation reduced penicillin-non-susceptible/resistant pneumococcal isolates by 7-11%, contributing to a >50% fall in global AMR mortality in children under 5 since 1990.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric AMR is a complex issue involving microbiological, clinical, and health system factors.
  • Priority interventions include scaling antimicrobial stewardship, improving diagnostics, integrating genomic surveillance, conducting pediatric trials, and utilizing vaccines.
  • Emphasis is placed on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to the highest burden of pediatric AMR.