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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Hearing Loss and Dementia: Risk Factor, Early Marker, or Both?

Ljiljana Cvorovic1,2, Ana Jotic1,2, Bojana Bukurov1,2

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Beograd, Serbia.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Age-related hearing loss is linked to cognitive decline and dementia risk in older adults. Early hearing intervention may help maintain brain health and quality of life.

Keywords:
age-related hearing lossauditory rehabilitationauditory–cognitive interactioncognitive dysfunctiondementiahearing lossneuroplasticitypresbycusis

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hearing loss and dementia are prevalent in older adults, posing a public health challenge.
  • Epidemiological studies show a consistent link between age-related hearing loss and cognitive dysfunction, including dementia.
  • The precise nature of the hearing loss-dementia relationship requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a structured overview of current evidence on the relationship between hearing loss and cognitive decline.
  • To explore mechanistic pathways, clinical implications, and intervention effectiveness.
  • To highlight hearing loss as a potential modifiable risk factor and early marker for cognitive impairment.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of epidemiological findings, mechanistic pathways, and clinical implications.
  • Analysis of evidence linking hearing loss severity to cognitive decline and dementia risk.
  • Evaluation of intervention studies, including hearing rehabilitation and neuroplasticity.

Main Results:

  • Hearing loss is associated with accelerated cognitive decline and increased dementia risk, with a dose-response relationship.
  • Proposed mechanisms include increased cognitive load, brain structural/functional changes, social isolation, and shared risk factors.
  • Hearing rehabilitation improves quality of life, but consistent cognitive decline reduction is not yet proven in the general population; potential benefits may exist in high-risk groups.

Conclusions:

  • Hearing loss may be a modifiable risk factor and an early indicator of cognitive decline.
  • Early identification and management of hearing impairment are crucial for cognitive and brain health in older adults.
  • Timely intervention is important, as delayed treatment may reduce rehabilitation effectiveness due to auditory deprivation.