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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks
10:49

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Published on: December 9, 2011

An Acoustofluidic Capillary Nozzle for Programmable Microstructure Assembly in Direct Ink Writing of Flexible

Minghao Shao1,2, Chaohui Wang1,2, Tengfei Zheng1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.

Micromachines
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
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Acoustofluidic nozzles enable programmable filler alignment in direct ink writing. This technique enhances electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility in composites, paving the way for advanced material fabrication.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Microfluidics
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Precise control over microscale filler organization is crucial for composite material performance.
  • Direct ink writing (DIW) faces challenges in achieving controlled filler distribution and orientation.
  • Developing novel methods for in situ filler assembly in DIW is essential for advanced material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce an acoustofluidic capillary nozzle for programmable filler assembly during direct ink writing.
  • To demonstrate the integration of acoustic manipulation for in situ filler organization within a DIW process.
  • To explore the impact of acoustically programmed microstructures on composite properties.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of a piezoelectric transducer with a glass capillary to create an acoustofluidic nozzle.
Keywords:
acoustofluidic capillary nozzleconductive compositesdirect ink writingfiller particle alignmentprogrammable microstructure assembly

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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  • Generation of acoustic standing waves within the nozzle's flow channel to manipulate filler particles.
  • Systematic investigation using simulations and experiments to correlate capillary geometry with particle assembly.
  • Fabrication and characterization of composites with aligned nickel-coated carbon fibers.

    • Main Results:

    • Acoustic radiation forces successfully directed filler particles to pressure nodes, enabling programmable assembly.
    • Rectangular capillaries facilitated multi-node standing waves, leading to ordered alignment of carbon fibers.
    • The acoustically programmed microstructure significantly reduced the percolation threshold (8 wt% to 2 wt%) and increased electrical conductivity (up to 32.1-fold).
    • Composites exhibited anisotropic conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and stable electromechanical performance under strain.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed acoustofluidic nozzle platform offers a simple, scalable solution for microstructure engineering in DIW.
    • Programmable in situ filler assembly via acoustics enables the fabrication of high-performance multifunctional composites.
    • This approach opens new avenues for designing advanced materials with tailored electrical and mechanical properties.