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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Generation and Assembly of Virus-Specific Nucleocapsids of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus
09:08

Generation and Assembly of Virus-Specific Nucleocapsids of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Published on: July 27, 2021

Differences in RNA Binding Between Segmented and Non-Segmented Negative-Strand Virus Nucleocapsids.

Rob W H Ruigrok1, Allison Ballandras-Colas1, Thibaut Crépin1

  • 1University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France.

Microorganisms
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Differences in RNA binding by nucleocapsids are crucial for the replication and transcription of segmented and non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses. These distinct mechanisms involve viral polymerase and phosphoprotein cofactors.

Keywords:
RNAnegative-strand RNA virusnucleocapsid

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Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection
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Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection

Published on: January 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Negative-strand RNA viruses utilize viral polymerase for transcription and replication.
  • Nucleocapsids, formed by nucleoproteins, coat the viral RNA genome.
  • Segmented (sNSVs) and non-segmented (nsNSVs) negative-strand RNA viruses exhibit distinct nucleocapsid structures and genome interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the functional implications of differing RNA binding mechanisms in nsNSVs and sNSVs.
  • To elucidate how nucleocapsid structure influences viral RNA replication and transcription.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of nsNSV and sNSV replication and transcription pathways.
  • Review of existing literature on viral polymerase function and nucleocapsid structure.

Main Results:

  • nsNSVs possess rigid nucleocapsids tightly bound to the entire genome, requiring a phosphoprotein cofactor.
  • sNSVs feature flexible nucleocapsids with limited RNA binding, allowing direct polymerase interaction with genome ends.
  • These structural and binding differences dictate distinct replication and transcription strategies.

Conclusions:

  • The mode of RNA binding by nucleocapsids is a key determinant of viral polymerase activity in both nsNSVs and sNSVs.
  • Understanding these differences provides insight into viral genome management and potential therapeutic targets.