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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Transcytosis of IgG01:15

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
Commonly used fusion techniques — electroporation, polyethylene glycol...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
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Published on: September 6, 2019

Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Shaping the Anti-Infective Status in Infancy.

Oana-Raluca Temneanu1,2, Otilia Novac1, Adriana Mihai1,2

  • 1Department of Mother and Child Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania.

Microorganisms
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) offer crucial anti-infective properties in infants. These bioactive components protect against pathogens through multiple mechanisms, supporting infant health.

Keywords:
anti-infectivehuman milk oligosaccharidesimmunityinfant formulainfant microbiome

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Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Human milk is the optimal infant nutrition, containing bioactive components like human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs).
  • HMOs are structurally diverse glycans crucial for infant microbiome, immune, and barrier development.
  • Infancy is a critical window of immune immaturity, making infants vulnerable to infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anti-infective properties of HMOs in infancy.
  • To synthesize evidence on five interconnected mechanisms of HMO-mediated protection against infection.
  • To discuss the role of breastfeeding and HMO-supplemented formulas in infant anti-infective defense.

Main Methods:

  • This is a narrative review synthesizing existing scientific literature.
  • The review integrates evidence on HMOs' roles in pathogen inhibition, microbiome modulation, immune response, and barrier function.
  • The study focuses on mechanisms relevant to infant protection against infection.

Main Results:

  • HMOs protect infants via competitive inhibition of pathogen adhesion through glycan mimicry.
  • HMOs exhibit direct antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity.
  • HMOs act as prebiotics, shape the gut microbiome, modulate immune responses, and reinforce mucosal barriers.

Conclusions:

  • HMOs provide multifaceted anti-infective protection in infants through distinct mechanisms.
  • Breastfeeding is a natural anti-infective strategy, and HMO-supplemented formulas offer benefits to non-breastfed infants.
  • HMOs are functional components supporting infant health and defense against infections.