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Related Concept Videos

Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials01:24

Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials

The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress01:25

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress

In designing structural elements and machine parts using ductile materials, it is crucial to ensure that these components withstand applied stresses without yielding. Yielding is initially determined through a tensile test, which evaluates the material's response to uniaxial stress. However, tensile stress is insufficient when components face biaxial or plane stress conditions This condition requires advanced criteria to predict failure.
The Maximum Shearing Stress Criterion, also known as the...
Plastic Behavior01:21

Plastic Behavior

A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and reloaded.
Residual Stresses01:26

Residual Stresses

Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...
Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added together...
Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55 °C.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature
14:51

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature

Published on: September 23, 2018

Long-Term Evolution of Microstructure, Density, and Yield Strength of Pure Lead After Solidification Under Different

Bingjie Wu1, Hailuo Zhong2, Weibing Liao2

  • 1Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory, Chengdu 610041, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Pure lead undergoes microstructural changes and softening over time after solidification, impacting its use in nuclear reactors. This study tracked these property evolutions in pure lead and compared them to lead-bismuth eutectic.

Keywords:
cooling ratelead-cooled fast reactorlong-term evolutionmechanical propertiesmicrostructure evolutionpure lead

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Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory
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Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory

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Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals
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Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals

Published on: November 22, 2021

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature
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An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature

Published on: September 23, 2018

Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory
08:58

Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory

Published on: March 7, 2018

Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals
05:04

Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals

Published on: November 22, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nuclear Engineering
  • Metallurgy

Background:

  • Lead-based alloys are utilized as coolants in nuclear reactors.
  • Limited research exists on the post-solidification behavior of pure lead.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term microstructural and physical property evolution of pure lead after solidification.
  • To compare the behavior of pure lead with lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE).

Main Methods:

  • Samples of pure lead were solidified at various cooling rates.
  • Microstructural analysis was performed using optical and electron microscopy.
  • Physical properties were assessed through density measurements and compressive mechanical testing.

Main Results:

  • Pure lead samples exhibited spontaneous recovery and recrystallization at room temperature over time.
  • Microstructure evolved towards larger grain sizes and increased uniformity.
  • Density remained stable, while yield strength decreased significantly over 180 days (e.g., from 4.879 MPa to 3.766 MPa for a 10 K/min cooled sample).

Conclusions:

  • Pure lead undergoes significant microstructural evolution and mechanical property degradation post-solidification.
  • These findings are crucial for understanding the long-term performance and stability of pure lead in applications like nuclear reactor coolants.