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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Determination of the Friction Coefficients of Icy Pavements Under Different Amounts of Snowfall

Determination of the Friction Coefficients of Icy Pavements Under Different Amounts of Snowfall

Published on: January 6, 2023

Performance-Based Assessment of Pakistani Regional Aggregates for Flexible Pavements Using Macro- and

Fazli Karim¹, Nasir Khan², Md Arifuzzaman³

¹Department of Civil Engineering, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar 25200, Pakistan.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 26, 2026

Summary

This study evaluates Pakistani aggregates for highway construction. Malakand and Kohat aggregates are suitable alternatives to premium Margalla aggregates due to their satisfactory performance and availability.

Keywords:

aggregates ranking geological sources macro-level tests micro-level tests rutting

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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Area of Science:

Civil Engineering
Materials Science
Geology

Background:

Aggregates are crucial for flexible pavement performance, with increasing demand for premium sources like Margalla in Pakistan.
Depleting reserves of premium aggregates necessitate the evaluation of sustainable alternatives for highway construction.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively assess the suitability of aggregates from five key Pakistani quarries for highway applications.
To identify viable regional alternatives to Margalla aggregates based on rigorous laboratory testing and performance evaluation.

Main Methods:

Macro-level physical and mechanical property testing of aggregates.
Micro-characterization using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).
Performance evaluation through Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), rutting resistance, and fatigue analysis.

Main Results:

Margalla aggregates demonstrated superior performance, with the lowest abrasion, highest Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR), conditioned ITS, and dynamic modulus, and lowest rut depth.
Malakand and Kohat aggregates showed satisfactory performance (TSR 79%, 76%; conditioned ITS ~409, ~378 kPa; rut depth ~8.8, ~10.5 mm), suitable for medium-traffic pavements.
Swabi and Besai aggregates exhibited lower moisture resistance, conditioned ITS, and higher rut depths, deeming them less suitable for high-stress pavement layers.

Conclusions:

Margalla aggregates possess the best performance characteristics due to favorable physical properties and high calcium content.
Malakand and Kohat aggregates are identified as suitable and viable regional alternatives to Margalla aggregates for pavement construction.
Swabi and Besai aggregates are less suitable for high-stress pavement applications compared to the other evaluated sources.