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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

Residual Stresses

Residual Stresses

Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...

Mohr's Circle for Plane Strain

Mohr's Circle for Plane Strain

Mohr's circle is a crucial graphical method used to analyze plane strain by plotting strain on a set of cartesian coordinates, where the abscissa is normal strain ∈ and the ordinate is shear strain γ. Similarly to Mohr’s circle for plane stress, two points X and Y are plotted. Their coordinates are (∈x, -γXY) and (∈Y, γXY), respectively.
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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

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Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Influence of Rhenium Content on Vacancy-Type Defect Distribution in Mo-Re Alloys Under Room-Temperature Irradiation.

Yongli Liu¹, Qigui Yang², Yunpeng Zhou²

¹The First Sub-Institute, Nuclear Power Institute of China (NPIC), Chengdu 610005, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 26, 2026

Summary

Molybdenum-Rhenium (Mo-Re) alloys used in nuclear reactors show similar vacancy defect behavior to pure Molybdenum after irradiation. Rhenium solute atoms exhibit weak interactions with these defects under room temperature irradiation.

Keywords:

depth distribution molybdenum–rhenium alloy positron annihilation spectroscopy rhenium effect vacancy-type defects

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Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Published on: June 27, 2022

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Published on: June 27, 2022

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nuclear Engineering
Physics

Background:

Molybdenum-Rhenium (Mo-Re) alloys are crucial for high-temperature nuclear reactors.
Their performance is significantly affected by irradiation-induced vacancy-type defects.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the evolution and characteristics of vacancy-type defects in Mo-Re alloys after irradiation.
To understand the influence of Rhenium (Re) content on defect behavior.

Main Methods:

Irradiation of Mo-Re alloys with heavy-ions and He-ions up to 3.5 dpa at room temperature (RT).
Characterization using Positron Annihilation Laser Spectroscopy (PALS), Slow Positron Beam-Doppler Spectroscopy (SPB-DBS), and Coincidence Doppler Broadening (CDB).

Main Results:

Irradiated Mo-Re alloys exhibited medium-sized vacancy clusters (262-280 ps lifetime component).
A significant increase in the S parameter (0.42 to 0.50) was observed across all alloys.
No characteristic Re signal was detected at vacancy sites, contradicting simulations.

Conclusions:

Mo-Re alloys display defect features comparable to pure Molybdenum under RT irradiation.
Weak interactions between Re solute atoms and vacancy-type defects were inferred.