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Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

White and Brown Adipose Grafts: An Approach to Correct Reproductive, Metabolic, and Renal Deficits in Black and Tan Brachyury (BTBR) Obese Mice

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Published on: September 9, 2025

Leptin in Dairy Cows: Metabolic Adaptation, Reproductive Function, and Health Applications.

Marcelo Martinez-Barbitta¹, Andrea Biagini², Egidia Costanzi³

¹Sistema Reproductivo Veterinario Integral Uruguay (SRVI_UY), Nueva Helvecia 70300, Uruguay.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 26, 2026

Summary

Leptin (LEP) is a vital cytokine in cattle, influencing metabolism and reproduction, especially in dairy cows. Understanding LEP offers insights into improving cow health, fertility, and milk production through management and genetic selection.

Keywords:

adipokines biomarkers dairy cow energy balance feed efficiency genomic selection leptin metabolic diseases ovarian function puberty reproductive axis transition period uterine health

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Published on: August 4, 2023

Area of Science:

Animal Science
Endocrinology
Reproductive Biology

Background:

Leptin (LEP) is an adipocyte-derived cytokine crucial for integrating nutritional status, metabolism, and reproduction in cattle.
Its receptors are widespread in metabolic and reproductive tissues, modulating energy balance and neuroendocrine function.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on LEP biology in cattle, focusing on dairy cows.
To discuss the translation of LEP research into practical applications for animal production.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on leptin's role in bovine physiology and production.
Analysis of research linking LEP to metabolic and reproductive traits and disorders.

Main Results:

Circulating LEP levels reflect body fat, metabolic dynamics, and inflammation, aiding adaptation to lactation.
LEP influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, impacting fertility and reproductive processes.
LEP is linked to peripartum disorders and has potential as a biomarker for metabolic and reproductive health risks.

Conclusions:

LEP plays a significant role in dairy cow health, metabolism, and reproduction.
LEP profiles and gene polymorphisms offer opportunities for improving nutritional management, health monitoring, and genetic selection for enhanced robustness and fertility.