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Related Concept Videos

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...
Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State01:25

Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State

During the absorptive state, which lasts approximately four hours after a meal, the body absorbs nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. The carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids we consume are broken down into monosaccharides, amino acids, and free fatty acids for absorption. While carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed as-is, lipids are absorbed in their broken-down forms and then re-esterified into triglycerides within enterocytes before being packaged into chylomicrons. These absorbed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice
08:06

Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice

Published on: November 27, 2019

Baseline-Dependent Immunometabolic Responses During Prolonged Intermittent Fasting: A Secondary Integrative Analysis.

Zulrahman Erlangga1,2, Samaneh Souita3, Imad Hamdan4

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus Winsen, 21423 Winsen, Germany.

Nutrients
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Prolonged intermittent fasting induces immunometabolic changes, altering autophagy and inflammasome pathways without increasing systemic inflammation. Responses vary based on individual baseline immune status, suggesting fasting acts as a graded modulator.

Keywords:
autophagyimmunometabolicinflammasomeintermittent fasting

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Published on: March 15, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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08:06

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Published on: November 27, 2019

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Published on: March 15, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunometabolism
  • Cellular Stress Responses
  • Nutritional Immunology

Background:

  • Prolonged intermittent fasting (PIF) is known to induce metabolic and immune adaptations.
  • The translation of transcriptional immune responses into systemic inflammation, and their relationship with autophagy, senescence, and inflammasome pathways, requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a secondary integrative analysis of a cohort undergoing Ramadan fasting.
  • To investigate the relationship between transcriptional changes in autophagy, senescence, and inflammasome genes and circulating cytokines.
  • To explore inter-individual variability in immune responses to fasting.

Main Methods:

  • Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from healthy men during Ramadan fasting (four time points).
  • Targeted mRNA profiling of autophagy-, senescence-, and inflammasome-related genes.
  • Measurement of circulating cytokines and clinical parameters.
  • Application of baseline-stratified regression and exploratory clustering.

Main Results:

  • Fasting led to modest reductions in body weight and BMI without hemodynamic instability.
  • Upregulation of autophagy transcripts (ULK1, ATG5) and divergent regulation of senescence markers (p53↑, p21↓).
  • Increased transcriptional activity of inflammasome genes (NLRP3, IL1B), but stable circulating IL-1β/IL-6 and decreased TNFα, indicating a dissociation between transcription and systemic output.
  • NLRP3 transcriptional response was inversely associated with baseline expression, suggesting baseline-dependent responsiveness.

Conclusions:

  • PIF induces coordinated immunometabolic remodeling via transcriptional changes in key pathways without systemic inflammatory escalation.
  • Inflammasome responses to fasting are baseline-dependent, indicating graded immunological responsiveness.
  • Fasting acts as a graded immunometabolic modulator, not a uniform pro-inflammatory stimulus, within the study's exploratory limitations.