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Eye-Tracking-Based Evaluation of Visual Search Efficiency in Simulated VR Menu Interfaces: Effects of Card Layout

Jing Zhang1, Yanxu Zhou1, Chenyu Xu1

  • 1College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
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The gallery-based layout improves visual search efficiency in virtual reality (VR) interfaces compared to grid layouts. This layout optimization, especially in the upper-right quadrant, enhances user performance and reduces search effort.

Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Virtual Reality User Interface Design
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Optimizing virtual reality (VR) interfaces is crucial for effective user interaction.
  • Understanding how interface layout impacts visual search is key to enhancing VR usability.
  • Previous research highlights the importance of spatial organization in visual tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of VR menu layout structure on visual search efficiency and gaze behavior.
  • To compare the performance between a grid-based and a gallery-based VR menu layout.
  • To analyze spatial asymmetries in visual search within VR interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • A screen-based eye-tracking experiment was conducted using a desktop-based VR simulation.
Keywords:
card layoutdesktop-based simulationeye-tracking sensorgallery-based designgrid-based designspatial attentionvirtual reality interfacevisual search

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  • Participants (N=39) performed visual search tasks on grid and gallery layouts.
  • Key metrics recorded included accuracy (ACC), reaction time (RT), total visit duration (TVD), and total fixation count (TFC).

    • Main Results:

    • The gallery-based layout demonstrated superior visual search efficiency over the grid-based layout, indicated by shorter RTs, reduced TVD, and lower TFC.
    • Systematic spatial asymmetries were observed, with the upper-right quadrant yielding the fastest responses and least search effort.
    • The gallery layout's advantage was most pronounced in the upper-right quadrant, suggesting a joint effect of layout and spatial location.

    Conclusions:

    • The gallery-based layout is more effective for VR menu design than a grid-based layout for visual search tasks.
    • Interface layout and target spatial quadrant interact to influence visual search efficiency in VR.
    • Screen-based eye-tracking provides valuable quantitative data for optimizing VR interface design.