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Related Concept Videos

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:26

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:24

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
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[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.

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Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
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MoRo: From One-Sample Ring-LWE Rounding Key Exchange to Module-LWE IND-CCA KEM.

Yuntao Wang1, Yuki Otsuka1, Tsuyoshi Takagi2

  • 1Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

We introduce MoRo-KEM, a post-quantum key encapsulation mechanism for secure communication in constrained environments. It offers improved robustness and efficiency for Internet-of-Things devices.

Keywords:
FO transformIND-CCA KEMModule-LWEkey exchange

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Published on: September 18, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cryptography
  • Post-Quantum Cryptography
  • Number Theory

Background:

  • Increasing demand for secure, long-term communication in IoT and sensor networks.
  • Limitations of existing key-establishment mechanisms against quantum computing threats.
  • Need for robust and efficient post-quantum solutions for resource-constrained environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose MoRo-KEM, a Module Learning With Errors (Module-LWE)-based key-encapsulation mechanism (KEM).
  • To enhance the ephemeral-only Ding key exchange (DKE) for practical, secure key establishment.
  • To achieve IND-CCA security for constrained IoT environments.

Main Methods:

  • Lifting the DKE construction from Ring-LWE to Module-LWE.
  • Replacing discrete Gaussian sampling with centered binomial sampling for efficiency.
  • Applying the Fujisaki-Okamoto transform to achieve IND-CCA security.

Main Results:

  • MoRo-KEM demonstrates improved robustness with a lower decryption failure rate (2^-166) compared to CRYSTALS-Kyber (2^-139) at security level I.
  • The design retains ring-level efficiency while allowing flexible parameter choices.
  • Simplified constant-time vectorized implementations are achieved.

Conclusions:

  • MoRo-KEM provides a practical and robust IND-CCA-secure KEM suitable for resource-constrained IoT devices.
  • The construction offers a viable path from ephemeral key exchange to advanced KEMs.
  • The design addresses the growing need for secure communication in the evolving digital landscape.