Evaluating Co-Ensiling Strategies to Valorise Duckweed as a Sustainable Feed Ingredient

Duckweed (Lemnaceae) is a promising alternative feed crop, particularly in regions with nutrient surpluses and protein deficits, as it grows efficiently on nutrient-rich agricultural wastewater and provides protein-rich biomass. However, its high moisture content and rapid post-harvest spoilage pose major storage challenges. This study evaluated (co-)ensiling as a cost-effective preservation strategy for duckweed. Three separate experiments were conducted to assess the ensilability of duckweed alone and in combination with various agricultural co-substrates and additives, including corn silage, beet pulp, grass silage, hemp shives, hay, molasses, sun-dried duckweed and CaCO₃. Duckweed alone could not be successfully ensiled due to excessive moisture, resulting in poor acidification and high levels of undesirable fermentation products. During the long-term co-ensiling test, a duckweed-corn silage mixture containing 29% fresh duckweed and 71% corn silage showed the most stable fermentation profile, with low pH, limited fermentation losses, and no detectable butyric acid. A duckweed-grass silage mixture containing 51% fresh duckweed and 49% grass silage allowed higher duckweed inclusion and retained the highest level of apparent pepsin-digestible protein after storage, but showed elevated acetic acid and ethanol concentrations. A duckweed-beet pulp mixture containing 74% fresh duckweed and 26% beet pulp enabled the highest duckweed inclusion rate, but showed signs of clostridial fermentation, likely due to excess moisture. Microbiological analysis of this beet pulp mixture showed reduced Enterobacteriaceae after ensiling, but also increased clostridial counts. Oxalic acid concentrations were low in all duckweed-based silages, with the largest reduction observed in the duckweed-grass mixture. Overall, the results show that duckweed co-ensiling is feasible but highly dependent on co-substrate selection and moisture control. Further formulation optimisation is required, particularly for high-duckweed mixtures, to reduce the risk of clostridial fermentation and improve practical applicability as a storable feed ingredient.