Preformulation Studies and Rational Design of an Ointment Containing a Postbiotic Metabolite of Procyanidins for...

Background: 5-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone (DHPV) is a postbiotic gut microbiota-derived flavanol metabolite with reported anti-inflammatory activity. Despite growing interest in its potential dermatological applications, its pharmaceutical properties and suitability for topical delivery have not been systematically investigated. This study aimed to perform the first comprehensive preformulation and formulation-oriented evaluation of DHPV and to develop stable topical ointment formulations suitable for further dermatological research. Methods: The physicochemical properties of DHPV were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), quantitative solubility assessment, and excipient compatibility studies. Based on the obtained preformulation data, two anhydrous ointment formulations containing DHPV were developed. The formulations were evaluated for homogeneity, rheological behavior, chemical stability under accelerated storage conditions, and in vitro drug release performance. Results: DHPV was identified as a crystalline compound with heterogeneous particle morphology and limited aqueous solubility. Quantitative solubility studies demonstrated the highest solubility in PEG 300 and glycol-based solvents. Compatibility testing revealed increased impurity formation in hydrophilic environments, whereas lipophilic excipients provided improved chemical stability. Both ointment formulations exhibited acceptable physical characteristics and maintained DHPV stability throughout accelerated storage. However, marked differences in release behavior were observed. The lipid-wax formulation showed significantly higher release rates, lower variability, and more reproducible release profiles than the petrolatum-based reference formulation, indicating more efficient diffusion of DHPV from the semisolid matrix. Conclusions: The physicochemical characteristics of DHPV strongly influence formulation design and performance. Anhydrous lipid-based systems provide a favorable environment for maintaining DHPV stability, while formulation composition significantly affects drug release. The developed lipid-wax formulation represents a promising platform for future skin permeation, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy studies.