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Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
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A high amylose to amylopectin ratio in a low-protein diet promoted growth performance and protein deposition of breast muscle in geese.

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Optimizing Energy Structure in Low-Protein Diets Reduced Body Fat Deposition in Geese.

Xucheng Zheng1, Jie Shen1, Zhi Yang2

  • 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.

Veterinary Sciences
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing crude protein and starch:fat ratio (SFR) in goose diets improves glucose and lipid metabolism. A medium SFR (11:1) enhanced body weight and muscle fatty acid profiles, particularly under low protein conditions.

Keywords:
AMPKenergy supplyfatty acidgeeselow-protein diet

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Nutrition
  • Metabolic Physiology
  • Poultry Science

Background:

  • Dietary nutrient composition significantly impacts animal metabolism.
  • Understanding the interplay between crude protein (CP) and starch:fat ratio (SFR) is crucial for optimizing poultry diets.
  • Geese growth and metabolism are sensitive to dietary energy and protein levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of varying dietary crude protein (CP) levels and starch:fat ratios (SFR) on glucose and lipid metabolism in Jiangnan White geese.
  • To determine optimal dietary strategies for enhancing growth performance and improving metabolic health in geese.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic regulation in response to dietary changes.

Main Methods:

  • A 3 × 2 factorial experiment using 360 male Jiangnan White geese (28–63 days of age).
  • Two CP levels (14.5% and 16.5%) and three SFRs (20:1, 11:1, and 5:1) were applied.
  • Analysis included body weight, fat deposition, liver metabolites, enzyme activities, muscle fatty acid composition, and gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Low protein diets combined with medium or low SFR (11:1, 5:1) enhanced body weight, but SFR 5:1 increased fat deposition.
  • Dietary SFR influenced liver cholesterol and glycogen content; CP levels affected key metabolic enzyme activities (AMPK, ACC, FAS, CS, G6PC).
  • SFR significantly altered muscle fatty acid composition, with SFR 11:1 being most beneficial; low protein diets regulated energy metabolism, while excessive fat caused disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing the energy structure of low-protein diets is essential for improving goose metabolism.
  • A medium SFR of 11:1 is beneficial for enhancing body weight and muscle fatty acid profiles.
  • Strategic adjustments in dietary CP and SFR can improve glucose and lipid metabolism, leading to better growth performance in geese.