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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion. The...
Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes a mild...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion
11:33

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Published on: September 2, 2016

Field-Programmable Dynamic Catalytic Technology to Make Catalyst Intelligent.

Haoran Zhang1,2, Yuen Wu1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry/School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.

Precision Chemistry
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Field-Programmable Dynamic Catalysis (PDC) offers real-time control over catalyst atomic structures, optimizing reactions like methane oxidation. This approach enables intelligent chemical control, paving the way for new catalytic applications.

Keywords:
active site reconfigurationartificial intelligencefield-programmable dynamic catalysisinert molecule activationliquid metalmagnetic field regulationprecision-intelligent catalysis

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion
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Published on: September 2, 2016

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production
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Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Published on: June 15, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Conventional heterogeneous catalysts possess static structures, limiting their adaptability for complex, multistep reactions.
  • The need for dynamic and responsive catalytic materials is critical for advancing chemical synthesis and small molecule activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce Field-Programmable Dynamic Catalysis (PDC) as a novel paradigm for real-time, reversible control of catalyst atomic structures.
  • Demonstrate the potential of PDC to optimize catalytic performance and control reaction pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized copper-based liquid metal catalysts to show adaptive restructuring for methane oxidation.
  • Employed magnetically tunable iron-based catalysts to demonstrate reversible switching between dispersed and clustered states.

Main Results:

  • Achieved optimized methane oxidation performance through adaptive restructuring of copper catalysts.
  • Successfully demonstrated on-demand control over reaction pathways by switching iron catalysts between states.
  • Validated the potential of PDC for inert small molecule activation, such as nitrogen conversion.

Conclusions:

  • PDC transforms catalysts into active information-processing systems for precise atomic-scale chemical control.
  • Artificial intelligence is crucial for accelerating the discovery and development of advanced PDC catalysts.
  • Future work should focus on increasing liquid metal surface area and designing scalable reactors for PDC applications.