PMVK drives hepatocarcinogenesis via SP1 phosphorylation-mediated lipid metabolic reprogramming

Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer, yet the critical drivers and mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain incompletely understood. Through a metabolism-focused CRISPR screen, we identified phosphomevalonate kinase (PMVK), a mevalonate pathway enzyme, as a key regulator of HCC stemness and progression. PMVK directly phosphorylates the transcription factor SP1 at Thr³⁵⁵, which enhances SP1's DNA binding affinity and promotes its interaction with the master lipid regulator SREBP1/2, driving a transcriptional program essential for de novo cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis. Clinically, PMVK levels are positively correlated with phospho-SP1 (Thr³⁵⁵) levels and predicate poor prognosis in patients with HCC. Functionally, we demonstrate that genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of the PMVK-SP1 axis, including using the SP1 inhibitor mithramycin A (MTA), significantly suppresses HCC tumorigenesis. In conclusion, our findings uncover the PMVK-SP1 axis as a central driver of lipid metabolic reprogramming and hepatocarcinogenesis, highlighting it as a compelling therapeutic target in HCC.