Update on the molecular pathology and classification of odontogenic cysts and tumours

Molecular characterisation of odontogenic cysts and tumours has advanced recently and molecular pathogenesis for several tumour types is included in the 5th edition World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of head and neck tumours. This narrative review examines critically the genetic and signalling alterations reported in odontogenic cysts and tumours and groups them by the signalling pathways affected: MAPK/ERK (mostly BRAF and KRAS mutations), Wnt/beta-catenin (mostly CTNNB1 mutations) and HH (PTCH1 mutations). Odontogenic tumours characterized by gene rearrangements are also discussed. Apparent negative results and areas requiring further analysis are included. These genetic signatures illustrate the successes and limitations in interpreting molecular data for classification, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and targeted therapies for odontogenic tumours.