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Related Experiment Videos

A novel evaluation tool for combat trauma simulation: Delphi expert panel consensus report.

Samuel Weber1,2, Henrik Teuber3, Basil Andreas Hatz2,4

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Patient Safety in Surgery
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This summary is machine-generated.

A consensus-based framework was developed to evaluate complex combat trauma care, integrating military and civilian standards. This tool addresses performance in trauma management, highlighting areas of agreement and disagreement between different care systems.

Area of Science:

  • Trauma Care
  • Military Medicine
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Modern conflicts present complex injuries challenging healthcare systems.
  • A standardized tool is needed to assess trauma care performance in Switzerland.
  • The study aimed to create a framework for evaluating complex combat trauma management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop a consensus-based performance assessment tool for complex combat trauma.
  • Integrate civilian and military standards of care into a unified framework.
  • Facilitate a simulation-based study on trauma care performance.

Main Methods:

  • A structured consensus process was employed, including nominal group technique and a multi-round Delphi process.
  • Fourteen experts from military medicine, emergency medicine, anesthesiology, and trauma surgery participated.
Keywords:
Civil-military collaborationCombat injuriesPerformance assessment toolSimulation-based educationTrauma management

Related Experiment Videos

  • Assessment items were refined iteratively to achieve predefined consensus criteria.

    • Main Results:

    • Consensus on a 35-item evaluation tool was reached after five Delphi rounds.
    • The tool covers prioritization, procedural quality, trauma principles, and time to critical actions.
    • Initial differences in perspectives between civilian and military experts were resolved.

    Conclusions:

    • The Delphi-based framework identifies consensus and controversy in combat trauma care.
    • Divergent injury patterns, resources, and operational constraints influence civilian vs. military perspectives.
    • The standardized tool provides a robust framework for comparing trauma care performance.