Pronoun Resolution in Turkish: The Interplay of Referential Form, Word Order, and Implicit Causality

Pronouns are a ubiquitous part of discourse, but unusual in that their meaning is almost entirely determined by context. While early theorists hoped to explain pronouns based on a small number of simple principles, the last half-century of research has revealed a cornucopia of influences at the syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic levels. While there are currently a few popular theories, evaluating them is complicated by the complexity of the empirical situation, which is compounded by the fact that many popular experimental methods are incommensurate and are uninterpretable under one theory or another. Moreover, with a few notable examples, research has focused on English, and so the generalizability of results is uncertain. Here, we take a step toward a clear empirical foundation for theory, with a tightly controlled study of comprehension of overt and null pronouns in Turkish. We show that pronoun resolution in Turkish is influenced by verb type, word order, and referential form, though not always in ways predicted by existing theories. Our findings highlight the need for further cross-linguistic research and more careful experimental control in order to refine models of pronoun interpretation and better account for the interaction of syntactic and discourse factors.