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Related Concept Videos

Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...
Replication in Prokaryotes02:35

Replication in Prokaryotes

Overview
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Visualization of UV-induced Replication Intermediates in E. coli using Two-dimensional Agarose-gel Analysis
10:36

Visualization of UV-induced Replication Intermediates in E. coli using Two-dimensional Agarose-gel Analysis

Published on: December 21, 2010

Direct visualisation of post-replication gap formation at the bacterial RRS.

Nicholas Kusi-Appauh, Phuong Pham, Elise M Wilkinson

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |June 29, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Replication risk sequences (RRS) in E. coli form DNA gaps when encountered by replication machinery. These G-quadruplex structures effectively trigger DNA gap formation, impacting genome stability.

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    Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy
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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

    Visualization of UV-induced Replication Intermediates in E. coli using Two-dimensional Agarose-gel Analysis
    10:36

    Visualization of UV-induced Replication Intermediates in E. coli using Two-dimensional Agarose-gel Analysis

    Published on: December 21, 2010

    Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy
    15:57

    Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

    Published on: October 9, 2009

    Inducing a Site Specific Replication Blockage in E. coli Using a Fluorescent Repressor Operator System
    11:19

    Inducing a Site Specific Replication Blockage in E. coli Using a Fluorescent Repressor Operator System

    Published on: August 21, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Genomics
    • Molecular Biology
    • DNA Replication

    Background:

    • Replication risk sequences (RRS) are novel genomic elements influencing DNA replication.
    • RRS in E. coli are conserved G-quadruplex-containing repeats crucial for genome stability.
    • Their precise role in triggering replication gaps remains incompletely understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To directly visualize the in vitro function of RRS during DNA replication.
    • To investigate the mechanism by which RRS induce post-replication gaps.
    • To assess the impact of RRS orientation on gap formation frequency.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-molecule visualization techniques.
    • In vitro DNA replication assays.
    • ssGAP-seq for detecting single-stranded DNA (ssDNA).

    Main Results:

    • RRS on the lagging-strand template efficiently trigger gap formation upon replisome encounter.
    • RRS on the leading-strand template also induce gaps, albeit less frequently.
    • Rolling-circle assays confirm lagging-strand gap formation, indicating complementary strand activity.

    Conclusions:

    • RRS are potent triggers of DNA gap formation during replication.
    • The orientation of RRS influences their efficiency in gap induction.
    • Findings suggest a potential role for eukaryotic G-quadruplexes in similar DNA repair processes.